How many multiple tracks can you use on Audacity…i.e., can you record separate tracks/files for voice, guitar, drums, etc???
You can edit multiple tracks, as many as you want, subject to memory and disk space.
Recording is a different matter. Without special hardware and drivers, most people using Audacity will only record one or two tracks at a time.
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Yes. You can overdub and add lots of tracks to a project. A pretty basic Audio Interface will allow you to record two tracks at a time. A unit that will record more tracks is beyond my means (or needs.)
I have run different instruments through a mixer to record several instruments at a time - but by the time it gets to the Interface and Audacity they have been boiled down to two. It gives me a little bit finer control over the inputs but once recorded I have a stereo track.
In some cases I use the Open Vino separator to split out Bass, Drums, Vocals and other Instruments for some balancing. It actually works great - if it meets the standard you seek. The separation is not pure so there can be loss if you boost a partial signal without the part that go split into the vocal or instrument track. 
I have pretty good results splitting a vocal from a single instrument. Less so with more instruments.
If you often have lots of tracks to mix or if you do a lot of mixing, a full-DAW application has features like meters for each track and a master mix level control and other features that makes it “easier”. But there is a bigger learning curve.
…Mixing is done by summation so you have to adjust your level to prevent clipping (distortion). Without a master mix level slider, you may have to more-carefully adjust many tracks with lots of back-and-forth.
DAWs are also designed for multi-track recording (if you have a multi-channel interface).
Speaking of separation, that’s something I’m currently working on. I’m confident that soon the issue you mentioned with imperfect splits can be largely solved, which should make isolating vocals or instruments much cleaner.
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