Yes. Some computers allow switching from low level, mono, Mic-In to High Level, Stereo Line-In. Most don’t. Even if you get around the overload problem (the preamp output will be some thousand times louder than the connection can handle) you will only get “Left” sound from the record. Mic-In is not stereo. You may get two sound tracks out of the deal, but the “Left” performers will be on both tracks and the"Right" performers will be missing. If you’re transferring your world class Electro-Trance performances, nobody will notice, but if your dramatic soprano wanders from Stage Right to Stage Left, you’re dead.
However, you sound like you have a top quality turntable and preamp, so the worse of it is behind you. Any of these good USB Sound Cards should do it.
https://forum.audacityteam.org/t/sound-card-reviews/8375/1
Koz