The Mic-In connection of your laptop is designed for an actual computer microphone or headset system such as this.
Or this.
Other connections will produced damaged sound or not work at all. Some laptops can be adjusted to work, but if you already tried, chances are good yours isn’t one of them.
A headphone connection can be plugged in to a Stereo Line-In adapter such as the Behringer UCA-202.
This is one adapting my stereo sound mixer.
There are other adapters available.
https://forum.audacityteam.org/t/sound-card-reviews/8375/1
Koz