There are several IDEs available for Linux including Codeblocks, Eclipse, Kdevelop and others. However, few of the big boys developing on Linux use any of them but prefer to set up “Linux” as their development environment - the entire Linux system becomes the IDE. Separate IDE “programs” on Linux are a relatively new thing that have been introduced mostly to keep people that are familiar with developing on Windows happy. Consequently none of the IDE programs on Linux are as mature as Microsoft Visual Studio. An IDE on Windows is essential because Windows does not have the tools necessary for software development. “The Linux way” tends to be “one tool for one job” so rather than one monstrous program to do everything on Linux you are more likely to have a “toolkit” containing several tools, each of which does one thing well. The development tools in Linux have been used and refined over decades.
I’m not a C/C++ programmer myself, but as a musician I often see the same confusion over audio software. On Windows (and Mac) the trend is to have one huge program that does MIDI sequencing, effect processing, editing, synthesizing, mastering, score writing… On Linux we have MIDI sequencers, effect racks, audio sequencers, DAWs, audio editors, synthesizers… all as separate programs, but can also be pulled together with Jack Audio System as one incredibly powerful audio production suite.