That little thing in the middle is a Behringer UCA-202. It’s a USB stereo interface both directions. It has local headphones and has been certified for Overdubbing/Sound-On-Sound.
I have two.
This is one in a series. The UFO-202 has a phono preamp inside and used with old format, analog turntables.
And other people make adapters.
https://forum.audacityteam.org/t/sound-card-reviews/8375/1
Whatever you buy has to explicitly say Stereo or Stereo Line. There are adapters such as the Startech ICUSBAUDIO…
https://www.startech.com/Cards-Adapters/Sound/USB-Audio/Audio-USB-Adapter~ICUSBAUDIOB
Which seems like a nice unit and some of the ads say “stereo,” but it’s only stereo playback, it won’t record stereo.
Koz