2.2.2 crash on Centos-7/linux

fredex · May 26, 2018, 10:09pm

Just downloaded the 2.2.2 source tarball for linux, extracted it, installed several dependencies (including the sclo that provides gcc 4.9.x) and built it. there were a few warnings during the build but I didn’t see any outright errors.

the build culminates in a large file named “audacity”, so I assume the build thought it had no fatal errors.

so, when I type “./audacity” I get a string of errors/notations followed by a segfault, all before the GUI shows up:

./audacity

(Audacity:30841): GLib-GObject-WARNING **: cannot register existing type 'GdkDisplayManager'

(Audacity:30841): GLib-CRITICAL **: g_once_init_leave: assertion 'result != 0' failed

(Audacity:30841): GLib-GObject-CRITICAL **: g_object_new_with_properties: assertion 'G_TYPE_IS_OBJECT (object_type)' failed

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: gtk_disable_setlocale() must be called before gtk_init()

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:161:27: The style property GtkButton:image-spacing is deprecated and shouldn't be used anymore. It will be removed in a future version

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:162:26: The style property GtkButton:inner-border is deprecated and shouldn't be used anymore. It will be removed in a future version

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:586:27: The style property GtkButton:image-spacing is deprecated and shouldn't be used anymore. It will be removed in a future version

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:587:28: The style property GtkWidget:interior-focus is deprecated and shouldn't be used anymore. It will be removed in a future version

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:588:28: The style property GtkButton:default-border is deprecated and shouldn't be used anymore. It will be removed in a future version

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:589:26: The style property GtkButton:inner-border is deprecated and shouldn't be used anymore. It will be removed in a future version

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:1602:13: not a number

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:1602:13: Expected a string.

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:1984:11: not a number

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:1984:11: Expected a string.

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:2534:11: not a number

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: gtk-widgets.css:2534:11: Expected a string.

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Theme parsing error: applications.css:21:0: Expected a valid selector

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Allocating size to wxPizza 0x2759400 without calling gtk_widget_get_preferred_width/height(). How does the code know the size to allocate?

(Audacity:30841): Gtk-WARNING **: Allocating size to wxPizza 0x2759400 without calling gtk_widget_get_preferred_width/height(). How does the code know the size to allocate?
ALSA lib pcm.c:2501:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.rear
ALSA lib pcm.c:2501:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.center_lfe
ALSA lib pcm.c:2501:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM cards.pcm.side
ALSA lib pcm_route.c:867:(find_matching_chmap) Found no matching channel map
Expression 'ret' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 1736
Expression 'AlsaOpen( &alsaApi->baseHostApiRep, params, streamDir, &self->pcm )' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 1904
Expression 'PaAlsaStreamComponent_Initialize( &self->capture, alsaApi, inParams, StreamDirection_In, NULL != callback )' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 2171
Expression 'PaAlsaStream_Initialize( stream, alsaHostApi, inputParameters, outputParameters, sampleRate, framesPerBuffer, callback, streamFlags, userData )' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 2840
Expression 'stream->playback.pcm' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 4611
Expression 'stream->playback.pcm' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 4611
Expression 'stream->playback.pcm' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 4611
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
ALSA lib pcm_dsnoop.c:638:(snd_pcm_dsnoop_open) unable to open slave
Expression 'ret' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 1736
Expression 'AlsaOpen( &alsaApi->baseHostApiRep, params, streamDir, &self->pcm )' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 1904
Expression 'PaAlsaStreamComponent_Initialize( &self->capture, alsaApi, inParams, StreamDirection_In, NULL != callback )' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 2171
Expression 'PaAlsaStream_Initialize( stream, alsaHostApi, inputParameters, outputParameters, sampleRate, framesPerBuffer, callback, streamFlags, userData )' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 2840
Expression 'stream->playback.pcm' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 4611
Expression 'stream->playback.pcm' failed in 'src/hostapi/alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c', line: 4611
17:48:59: Debug: Unrecognized accel key 'backspace', accel string ignored.
17:48:59: Debug: Unrecognized accel key 'backspace', accel string ignored.
17:48:59: Debug: Unrecognized accel key 'numpad_enter', accel string ignored.
17:48:59: Debug: Unrecognized accel key 'numpad_enter', accel string ignored.
Segmentation fault (core dumped)

the system comes with Audacity 2.1.1, which is still installed, and there is ~/.audacity-data, containing a number of files/directories, including audacity.cfg.

Is there some incompatibility with stuff in that directory, such that I need to, e.g. remove or rename the directory?

thanks in advance for your help!

Fred

fredex · May 27, 2018, 2:03am

here’s the stack trace at the time of the segfault:

Program terminated with signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
#0  wxWindowBase::TryBefore (this=0x21f6400, event=...) at src/common/wincmn.cpp:3397
3397	    if ( event.GetEventObject() == this )
(gdb) bt
#0  0x00007ff1d3c108ac in wxWindowBase::TryBefore(wxEvent&) (this=0x21f6400, event=...)
    at src/common/wincmn.cpp:3397
#1  0x00007ff1d3a71fd9 in wxWindowBase::GetMinClientSize() const (this=0x21f6400)
    at include/wx/window.h:486
#2  0x00007ff1d3c15995 in wxGetTopLevelParent(wxWindow*) (win=0x21f6400)
    at src/common/wincmn.cpp:3609
#3  0x00007ff1d3ab28f2 in wxGTKSizeRevalidate(wxWindow*) (tlw=tlw@entry=0x7ffc9ebc6530)
    at src/gtk/window.cpp:4617
#4  0x00007ff1d3aa6b2d in wxTopLevelWindowGTK::Show(bool) (this=this@entry=
    0x7ffc9ebc6530, show=show@entry=true) at src/gtk/toplevel.cpp:1106
#5  0x00007ff1d3aec15e in wxDialog::Show(bool) (this=0x7ffc9ebc6530, show=<optimized out>)
    at src/gtk/dialog.cpp:72
#6  0x00007ff1d3aec3b0 in wxDialog::ShowModal() (this=this@entry=0x7ffc9ebc6530)
    at src/gtk/dialog.cpp:166
#7  0x00007ff1d43fb3a3 in wxDebugReportPreviewStd::Show(wxDebugReport&) const (this=<optimized out>, dbgrpt=...) at src/generic/dbgrptg.cpp:534
#8  0x0000000000b30e84 in AudacityApp::GenerateCrashReport(wxDebugReport::Context) ()
#9  0x0000000000b308bf in AudacityApp::OnFatalException() ()
#10 0x00007ff1d30dd9bc in wxFatalSignalHandler(int) () at src/unix/utilsunx.cpp:1394
#11 0x00007ff1ce5752f0 in <signal handler called> () at /lib64/libc.so.6
#12 0x00007ff1d3c108ac in wxWindowBase::TryBefore(wxEvent&) (this=0x21f6400, event=...)
    at src/common/wincmn.cpp:3397
#13 0x00007ff1d3a71fd9 in wxWindowBase::GetMinClientSize() const (this=0x21f6400)
    at include/wx/window.h:486
#14 0x00007ff1d3c15995 in wxGetTopLevelParent(wxWindow*) (win=0x21f6400)
    at src/common/wincmn.cpp:3609
#15 0x00007ff1d3ab28f2 in wxGTKSizeRevalidate(wxWindow*) (tlw=tlw@entry=0x1f231e0)
    at src/gtk/window.cpp:4617
#16 0x00007ff1d3aa7b72 in wxTopLevelWindowGTK::GTKUpdateDecorSize(wxTopLevelWindowGTK::DecorSize const&) (this=this@entry=0x1f231e0, decorSize=...) at src/gtk/toplevel.cpp:1428
#17 0x00007ff1d3aa7ea5 in property_notify_event(GtkWidget*, GdkEventProperty*, wxTopLevelWindowGTK*) (event=0x1b38e80, win=0x1f231e0) at src/gtk/toplevel.cpp:563
#22 0x00007ff1cf9814cf in <emit signal ??? on instance 0x1ebaa80 [GtkWindow]> (instance=instance@entry=0x1ebaa80, signal_id=<optimized out>, detail=detail@entry=0) at gsignal.c:3447
    #18 0x00007ff1d125e095 in _gtk_marshal_BOOLEAN__BOXED (closure=0x1d47a90, return_value=0x7ffc9ebc7a60, n_param_values=<optimized out>, param_values=0x7ffc9ebc7b10, invocation_hint=<optimized out>, marshal_data=0x0) at gtkmarshalers.c:82
    #19 0x00007ff1cf966ac8 in g_closure_invoke (closure=0x1d47a90, return_value=return_value@entry=0x7ffc9ebc7a60, n_param_values=2, param_values=param_values@entry=0x7ffc9ebc7b10, invocation_hint=invocation_hint@entry=0x7ffc9ebc7ab0) at gclosure.c:804
    #20 0x00007ff1cf97916d in signal_emit_unlocked_R (node=node@entry=0x1b39220, detail=detail@entry=0, instance=instance@entry=0x1ebaa80, emission_return=emission_return@entry=0x7ffc9ebc7bc0, instance_and_params=instance_and_params@entry=0x7ffc9ebc7b10) at gsignal.c:3635
    #21 0x00007ff1cf980ecc in g_signal_emit_valist (instance=<optimized out>, signal_id=<optimized out>, detail=<optimized out>, var_args=var_args@entry=0x7ffc9ebc7ca0) at gsignal.c:3401
#23 0x00007ff1d13adb8c in gtk_widget_event_internal (widget=0x1ebaa80 [GtkWindow], event=0x1b38e80) at gtkwidget.c:7732
#24 0x00007ff1d125d0ae in gtk_main_do_event (event=0x1b38e80) at gtkmain.c:1851
#25 0x00007ff1d0d6e2b5 in _gdk_event_emit (event=event@entry=0x1b38e80) at gdkevents.c:73
#26 0x00007ff1d0da0242 in gdk_event_source_dispatch (source=<optimized out>, callback=<optimized out>, user_data=<optimized out>) at gdkeventsource.c:367
#27 0x00007ff1cf689969 in g_main_context_dispatch (context=0x1b3a420) at gmain.c:3146
#28 0x00007ff1cf689969 in g_main_context_dispatch (context=context@entry=0x1b3a420)
    at gmain.c:3811
#29 0x00007ff1cf689cc8 in g_main_context_iterate (context=0x1b3a420, block=block@entry=1, dispatch=dispatch@entry=1, self=<optimized out>) at gmain.c:3884
#30 0x00007ff1cf689f9a in g_main_loop_run (loop=0x2713300) at gmain.c:4080
#31 0x00007ff1d125c395 in gtk_main () at gtkmain.c:1322
#32 0x00007ff1d3a95605 in wxGUIEventLoop::DoRun() (this=0x1bb80f0) at src/gtk/evtloop.cpp:65
#33 0x00007ff1d2fc6280 in wxEventLoopBase::Run() (this=0x1bb80f0) at src/common/evtloopcmn.cpp:78
#34 0x00007ff1d2f838ad in wxAppConsoleBase::MainLoop() (this=0x1ba87f0)
    at src/common/appbase.cpp:334
#35 0x00007ff1d3013c1d in wxEntry(int&, wchar_t**) (argc=<optimized out>, argv=<optimized out>)
    at src/common/init.cpp:495
#36 0x0000000000b2f7d8 in main ()
(gdb) quit

fredex · May 28, 2018, 6:21pm

Ah, I’ve fixed it myself.

I had installed wxWidgets from the Centos repo (and it is now called wxGTK3…) and that one linked but didn’t work for audacity.

After some bit of messing around, I finally uninstalled that one entirely, downloaded source from git (per one or another of the audacity documents) built, installed, then re-configured audacity and voila, it now runs.

Hope someone else finds my travails to be helpful.

steve · May 29, 2018, 9:01am

Thanks for posting the solution.
We’re aware that some repo versions of wxWidgets are not built correctly for Audacity, but we don’t have the manpower to write detailed instructions for all of the major distributions (or even to test on more than a few distributions). We welcome detailed build instructions from users that successfully build Audacity (particularly for distros other than 'buntu / Debian)

AliceWonderMisc · June 30, 2018, 4:55pm

The problem with wxGTK3 in EPEL is that it was built with GCC 4.8.x which, in the case of C++11, is not ABI compatible with software built with GCC 5+.

C++ that doesn’t use C++11 standard seems to work across GCC versions, but not C++11.