The headphone-out from your iPhone to the mic-in on your laptop should "work", but the mic input is usually too sensitive for a headphone-level signal and you might get distortion. A headphone-out to line-in on a desktop computer is a better match.
The headphone-out on the Peavy gizmo should work the same way.
I can connect everything and get sound from recordings I've done... but no signal from the guitar comes out of Audacity?
You're getting sound from where? From the computer, or from the iPhone? Are these "recordings" on your iPhone, or on your computer?
What are you
really trying to do? Do you want to record on your iPhone, or the computer?
You obviously don't need Audacity to
play a sound on your computer. And, you don't need any special software to hear the sound coming into the computer's mic input (out of the laptop speakers, or the laptop's headphone-out). You just need to configure the Windows audio control panel properly.
There are a couple of other options, depending on what you are trying to do... I
assume you can record to your iPhone with the peavy gizmo... Then you should be able to transfer the audio file to your computer
digitally via USB. The headphone-out from your iPhone to the mic-in on your laptop should "work", but the mic input is usually too sensitive for a headphone-level signal and you might get distortion. A headphone-out to line-in on a desktop computer is a better match.
I can connect everything and get sound from recordings I've done... but no signal from the guitar comes out of Audacity?
You're getting sound from where? From the computer, or from the iPhone? Are these "recordings' on yoru iPhone, or on your computer?
You obviously don't need Audacity to play a sound on your computer, or to hear the sound coming into the computer's mic input (out of the laptop speakers, or the laptop's headphone-out).
There are a couple of other options, depending on what you are trying to do... I assume you can record to your iPhone with the peavy gizmo... Then you should be able to transfer the audio file to your computer
digitally via USB. Then, you can use Audacity for editing, if you wish. If you don't want to edit, you may not need Audacity.
You can also get Guitar-USB interfaces, so you can record the guitar directly on the computer (with Audacity or other recording software), if you'd rather do that than use the iPhone. Peavy probably makes one, and Behringer makes an inexpensive one.